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Kievan Rus
Medieval State dominated by Kiev
880 to the middle of the 12th Century
Golden Age of Kiev 980-1054
Rulers during the Golden Age
Vladimir the Great
980-1015
35 years
Yaroslav I the Wise
1019-1054
35 years
Advancements during the Golden Age
Religion
Vladimir the Great sent out envoys to study world religion
Did not like Muslim
“Drinking is the joy of Rus’”
Did not like Jewish
“Loss of Jerusalem was evidence of being abandoned by
god”
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Eastern Orthodox Church
Hagia Sophia
“We no longer knew whether we were in heaven or
on earth,”
Built in 532 – 537 AD
Focal point of Eastern Orthodox Church
1000 years
Largest Cathedral
1000 years
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Building
Columns
Temple of Artemis
Egypt
Stones
Thessaly
Green Marble
Bosporus
Black Stone
Syria
Yellow Stone
People
10000 to build
Contained
Stone from tomb of Jesus
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Vladimir the Great
Baptizes Kievan Rus in 988
In question why?
First Barbarian to marry Byzantine wife
Had to become Christian to do so.
He had many other wives.
He is said to have let them go.
Unknown.
He also had many concubines
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Law
Russkaya Pravda
East Slavic written legal code
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Regional Centers
Princes
Elected as city’s military leader
fought among themselves
Alliances with outside groups
Polovtsians
Poles
Hungarians
1054-1224
64 principalities
Several large regional centers
Populations
Kiev
50,000
London
12,000
Winchester
5,000
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Mongols
Before Mongol Attacks
Prosperous
Artisans
Farms
After Mongol Attacks
Population Slaughtered
Shattered economy
Artisans deported
Laborers deported
People sold into slavery
Crops Burned
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http://video.aol.com/video-detail/mongol-mongol/767581546
Mongols in Power
Raids
Were done in support of favored princes
Punitive actions
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Levies
Yarliki
kept Russian Orthodox church immunity from taxation
Yam
Postal tax
Tamga
Customs tax
Myt
Tolls
Grand Princes and taxes
Collected tribute
Embezzled
Over taxed
Towards the end of Mongols
Taxes went down
Princes taxed the same
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Grand Princes During Mongol Rule
Grand Princes – Became – Autocratic rulers
Stripped
Princely families of autonomy
Limited sovereign rights
Trade
Benefited Russia
Silk, Glass, beads, Cowrie Shells, Boxwood combs
Trade continued after the Golden Horde
Moscow’s Rise to Power
Different views of how Mongols Influenced Moscow Rise to power
2 views that are not supported alone
Direct result of alliance with the Horde
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-
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Political and military support
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Mongol policy designed to prevent a dangerous power center like Moscow
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- Internal rather than external forces brought Moscow to power
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Leader of opposition to Tater rule
IF due to direct alliance
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Moscow would have shrank with the horde when it shrank
Moscow Triumphed
Took better advantage of Mongol presences
Used Mongol Admin Techniques more effectively
Influences of the Mongols on Moscow
Administrative help from Mongols
Moscow assumed responsibility to collect tribute and deliver it to Sarai
Borrowed
Mongols Assessment and collection apparatus
Exploited after Mongols left
Large Taxes collected
Russians replaced Baskaki with officials called Danshchiki
Muscovite autocracy of the 16th century
Relied on borrowed
Political
Military
Social Institutions
Terms adopted
Den’ga – Money/coin
Kazna – Treasury
Tamga – Mongol customs tax, tax collector, stamp seal verifying payment
Tamozhnia – Customs house derived from Tamga
Used Military Tactics from Taters
battle in 1380 – Battle of Kulikovo
Positioned with river to backs
Forests on both sides
Muscovite Calvary men
Mongol Saddle w/ Mongol stirrups
Mongol Helmet, Mongol Compound bow
Same Fighting positions set up
Advance Guard, main regiment, left and right regiments, rear guard
right guard was superior due to shamanist tradition
Muscovites did the same even the right guard
Bureaucratic influence
Stolby – documents sewn together in rolls vs being stored in files
Originated in central Asia
Mongol Formats
Nothing borrowed from DIWAN, the Islamic style of Government
Diplomatic Practices
Rulers communicated, exchanged gifts through envoys
tax free trading to supplement their subsistence
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Envoy presented himself on his knees leaving weapons outside
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Before Negotiations
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Lengthy greetings
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Questions about Journey
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Ceremonial Meal eaten without silverware
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The Mongol Postal System or YAM
carried at the expense of the state
news
messeges
officials
ambassadors
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not surpassed until modern technology
network of stations
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horses and riders linking all of the Mongol Empire
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Mongol Yam broke down when the Mongols did
Russians kept taxing the Yam tax and created their own based on Mongols
Capital Punishment
May or may not have come from the Horde directly
Census
Universal enumeration of the populations
15th century show nothing in common w/ census
Mongols brought absolutism by:
Removing:
Veche – democratic town meetings
Boyarstvo – social power base – russian nobility
Broke down:
Power of russian nobility (boyarstvo)
(may not have been removed by Horde)
Muscovite autocracy blamed on examples by Taters
Debilitating effect on
Political Morality
expectations of power and subservience in the elite and masses
Harrison Salisbury remarked: on modern day russia
russia, “still struggles against the legacy of backwardness, ignorance, servility, submissiveness, deceit, cruelty, oppression, and lies imposed by the Mongols”
The Mongols and Russian Society
15th century
Marriages – Russian/Mongol
Emigrated to russia
Converted to Christianity
married into aristocracy
Became assimulated
156 aristocratic families were of Mongol or Oriental origin
20%
Church was allowed to prosper due to tax exemptions (russian orthodox church)
Peasant settlers added to its strength
Russian Princes who lost their life to rebellion became martyrs
Required to pray to the health of the Khan
Contradiction
Prayed against Taters
They would blame a certain general for killing a prince and not the Khan
Russian Princes in charge
Less privileges
Church had to fight for privileges
Towns on church lands started to pay tribute even though khans did not require
Church tried to invoke the Mongol model as to how they should be treated
Circulated a translation of the Mongol Yarliki granting immunity from taxation
Kabala bondage (kabal’noe kholopstvo)
debt slavery
bondsmen sold themselves into bondage for a set sum
to pay off debts
Relieved of tax obligations
Serfdom
mongol threat already declining.
Unknown
Result of Tsars
Terem
Woman were in protected place in palace
Unknown
Result of Tsars
Russians learned
rulers’ language
customs
mores
to advance their own interests and avoid provoking
Cultural Life
Wealth of land depleted
cultural activity dried up
Church construction stopped for 100 years
Some crafts disappeared forever
Every library perished
manuscripts hundreds of years of cultural achievement – gone
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Russian bookmen remained active
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literary production never stopped
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Quality of literature did no deteriorate
European works never influenced russia so mongols could not have cut this off
Russian handicrafts had elements that made their way in.
Old Russian Texts Origins
Armenian
Georgian
Turkic
Persian
Aribic
Entered russia in
Greek, Latin, and Slavic
Alexander in the Alexandriad
Buddha in the tale of Barlaam and Jasaph
Appear as Christian Saints
Bookman unaware these came from infidels
Churches built during Mongol Period were small compared to kievan times
Peaceful interactions
Warriors rode into battle side by side
Russian Princes brought home Tatar Wives
Trading expeditions traveled between Sarai and Russian Forests
Russias development
Orthodox Church grew in wealth and influenced
Rise of Moscow
After taking over Moscow and overthrowing Mongols
Minted a coin
shows mounted hero
other side in place of the name of the Mongol Khan, Ivan III’s name in Arabic
The Russians were not just liberated but succeeded the Empire
House of Moscow, replaces The Golden Kin
Muscovy justified Imperial Claims to European powers
invoked its conquest of Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan
Ruler of Muscovy was tsar by virtue of Ivan IV’s conquest of Kazan
Muscovite ruler was entitled to yasak, Fur tribute
from nomadic and sedentary inner Asian tribes
Profitable to maintain its image as successor state to the Golden Horde
Members of the Golden Kin could still demand noble status in the Russian Empire into 19th century
Elite, Princes, nobles, and ecclesiastics
Felt directly the impact of Mongol Imperial traditional
Realized its potential
Ivan III
Quites paying tribute
Akhmad come to fight but leaves since Sarai is being attacked
Tsar
Used to mean Khan
Archbishop wanted to destroy the image of the Khan
Grand Prince of Moscow made tsar
Only a Christian can be a tsar
